La crisis del coronavirus quizás sea capaz de arrojar luz sobre cómo un shock agudo es capaz de dar lugar a un rápido giro en el valor económico, similar a lo que podríamos ver con el cambio climático. Esto proporciona una experiencia real de las pruebas de estrés que se han ido desarrollando ante el riesgo climático durante un tiempo, pero que tendrán nuevas dimensiones a considerar, como las restricciones impuestas a la libre circulación de personas, bienes y servicios.
Los confinamientos de los países también han mostrado las maneras en las que el mundo puede adaptarse sin muchas de las actividades intensivas en carbono que se disfrutaban antes de la crisis. Esperamos que esto fomente nuevos comportamientos de las empresas y los empleados, con reuniones y conferencias virtuales que podrían ayudar a alterar el crecimiento de los viajes en avión, así como un mayor margen para flexibilizar los horarios y trabajar desde casa.
La crisis también puede tener un efecto significativo en la forma en la que vemos las clases de activos desde una perspectiva ASG. Por ejemplo, en el sector inmobiliario esperamos más desarrollos en lo que puede definirse como las mejores prácticas ASG en lo que se refiere a la preparación ante desastres y la planificación de la resiliencia, las prácticas laborales responsables, el diseño de edificios saludables y la gestión de la comunidad.
Es posible que el foco se dirija a la composición de los programas de estímulo fiscal. En China, ya estamos viendo cómo el Gobierno refuerza las normas relativas al tratamiento adecuado de las aguas residuales y los residuos industriales.1 Esperamos que esto proporcione un impulso aún mayor en el área de las inversiones chinas en tecnología y energía limpia.2
Ahora la atención se está dirigiendo hacia los programas de estímulo en Europa y Estados Unidos. A finales de marzo, los jefes de Estado de la UE ultimaron una cumbre en la que se preparará un plan de recuperación que incluye los sectores ecológico y digital, lo que significa que el estímulo a largo plazo incorporará la energía limpia, el transporte y la infraestructura inteligente.3
En EE.UU., si bien las señales iniciales no han sido buenas en cuanto a las resoluciones de la EPA y las emisiones, hay un apoyo bipartidista para que parte del próximo plan de estímulo fiscal incluya una infraestructura ecológica. Con el país lanzando billones de dólares en estímulo fiscal, podría ser un programa material de inversión.
Esta crisis también debería ser testigo de una reorientación de la atención de las empresas y los inversores. Podría significar que a las industrias pesadas como la energía, los servicios públicos, la minería y los automóviles -que han estado en el centro de la crisis climática- se les sumara un mayor escrutinio de las empresas que operan en la parte de la economía correspondiente a eventos y servicios, ya que estas se han visto particularmente afectadas por la pandemia.
Es probable que se fortalezcan las expectativas de los inversores sobre cómo deben responder las empresas. Por ejemplo, mediante un llamamiento para que mantengan las prestaciones sanitarias y, en la medida de lo posible, conserven cierto nivel de salarios para los trabajadores, consultores y contratistas.
La inversión sostenible como estrategia
Si bien los sistemas de atención sanitaria se encuentran sometidos a graves presiones en los mercados desarrollados, los recursos disponibles en los emergentes en lo que respecta a la atención de la salud son, en muchos casos, considerablemente peores. De hecho, somos muy conscientes de que la capacidad para aguantar y reaccionar está gravemente restringida en esos países.
La debilidad de los sistemas de atención sanitaria, las instalaciones deficientes, la escasa conectividad a Internet y la incapacidad de los emergentes para acceder a los mercados internacionales de capital con el fin de financiar programas de estímulo presentan desafíos considerables para responder a esta crisis de manera eficaz. Por tanto, esperamos que la crisis signifique que los mercados emergentes se conviertan en receptores aún mayores de flujos de inversión de impacto en los próximos años.
Tampoco deberíamos olvidarnos de que esta crisis tiene sus orígenes en la pérdida de biodiversidad, la rápida urbanización, el aumento de los niveles de población, la deforestación y los mercados de carne de animales silvestres.4 Por tanto, vemos que la COVID-19 afianza la importancia estratégica de las inversiones sostenibles centradas especialmente en la atención sanitaria, la educación y la inclusión financiera.
Incluso antes del brote de coronavirus, los propietarios de activos en Dinamarca han sido pioneros en la inversión ASG, comprometiendo 50.000 millones de dólares de inversiones para apoyar el Acuerdo de París y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas.5 Para fomentar compromisos similares de otras instituciones, los fondos de pensiones del país formaron la Climate Investment Coalition.
Próximamente, publicaremos un nuevo trabajo de investigación que examina el caso estratégico de las inversiones sostenibles. Creemos que Europa y China tienen un papel fundamental que desempeñar en el impulso de esta agenda.
Tribuna de Michael Lewis, responsable de investigación temática ASG en DWS, y Murray Birt, estratega sénior ASG de la gestora
1. Deutsche Bank Research (January 2020). Coronavirus update. Messages from the top
2. DWS Research Institute white paper (March 2020). The response to the coronavirus epidemic
3. Euractiv (March 27, 2020). EU leaders back green transition in pandemic recovery plan
4. Ensia-John Vidal (March 17, 2020). Destruction of habitat and loss of biodiversity are creating the perfect conditions for diseases like covid-19 to emerge
5. IPE (December 2019). PKA chief at heart of newly-launched Climate Investment Coalition
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